I. WHAT ARE IRREGULAR VERBS?

Irregular verbs are verbs that do NOT form their past tense (V2) and past participle (V3) by adding “-ed.”

Instead, their forms change in different ways, and these forms must be memorized.

Example:

• go → went → gone
• eat → ate → eaten
• see → saw → seen

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II. WHY ARE IRREGULAR VERBS IMPORTANT?

Irregular verbs are:

• Extremely common in daily English
• Used in Simple Past, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Passive Voice
• Essential for spoken and written fluency

Incorrect use of irregular verbs is one of the most noticeable grammar errors.

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III. V1, V2, V3 — WHAT DO THEY MEAN?

Form	Name	Used In
V1	Base form	Present, infinitive
V2	Past simple	Simple Past
V3	Past participle	Perfect tenses, passive

Example:

• V1: write
• V2: wrote
• V3: written

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IV. HOW IRREGULAR VERBS ARE USED IN SENTENCES

Simple Past (V2)

• I went home early.
• She took the exam.

Present Perfect / Past Perfect (have/has/had + V3)

• I have gone home.
• She has taken the exam.

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V. COMMON PATTERNS (NOT RULES)

Some irregular verbs follow similar changes, but there is no universal rule.

Same V1–V2–V3

• cut – cut – cut
• put – put – put

Same V2–V3

• buy – bought – bought
• teach – taught – taught

Different All Three

• go – went – gone
• see – saw – seen

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VI. FULL LIST OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (V1–V2–V3)

This list covers standard irregular verbs used in modern English.

be – was/were – been
beat – beat – beaten
become – became – become
begin – began – begun
bend – bent – bent
bet – bet – bet
bite – bit – bitten
blow – blew – blown
break – broke – broken
bring – brought – brought
build – built – built
buy – bought – bought
catch – caught – caught
choose – chose – chosen
come – came – come
cost – cost – cost
cut – cut – cut
deal – dealt – dealt
dig – dug – dug
do – did – done
draw – drew – drawn
drink – drank – drunk
drive – drove – driven
eat – ate – eaten
fall – fell – fallen
feed – fed – fed
feel – felt – felt
fight – fought – fought
find – found – found
fly – flew – flown
forget – forgot – forgotten
forgive – forgave – forgiven
freeze – froze – frozen
get – got – got/gotten
give – gave – given
go – went – gone
grow – grew – grown
hang – hung – hung
have – had – had
hear – heard – heard
hide – hid – hidden
hit – hit – hit
hold – held – held
hurt – hurt – hurt
keep – kept – kept
know – knew – known
lay – laid – laid
lead – led – led
learn – learnt/learned – learnt/learned
leave – left – left
lend – lent – lent
let – let – let
lie (recline) – lay – lain
lose – lost – lost
make – made – made
mean – meant – meant
meet – met – met
pay – paid – paid
put – put – put
read – read – read
ride – rode – ridden
ring – rang – rung
rise – rose – risen
run – ran – run
say – said – said
see – saw – seen
sell – sold – sold
send – sent – sent
set – set – set
shake – shook – shaken
shine – shone – shone
shoot – shot – shot
show – showed – shown
shut – shut – shut
sing – sang – sung
sit – sat – sat
sleep – slept – slept
speak – spoke – spoken
spend – spent – spent
stand – stood – stood
steal – stole – stolen
swim – swam – swum
take – took – taken
teach – taught – taught
tear – tore – torn
tell – told – told
think – thought – thought
throw – threw – thrown
understand – understood – understood
wake – woke – woken
wear – wore – worn
win – won – won
write – wrote – written

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VII. COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES

❌ I have went there.
✅ I have gone there.

❌ She buyed a phone.
✅ She bought a phone.

❌ Did you ate food?
✅ Did you eat food?

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VIII. EXERCISES

A. Fill in the correct V2

1. go → ______
2. eat → ______
3. take → ______
4. see → ______
5. buy → ______
6. write → ______
7. give → ______
8. come → ______
9. speak → ______
10. drive → ______

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B. Fill in the correct V3

11. break → ______
12. choose → ______
13. fall → ______
14. forget → ______
15. drink → ______
16. steal → ______
17. grow → ______
18. take → ______
19. ride → ______
20. write → ______

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C. Correct the sentences

21. I have ate lunch.
22. She has went home.
23. He buyed a car.
24. They have did the work.
25. We seen the movie.
26. Did you went there?
27. She has taked notes.
28. I have writed an email.
29. He run fast yesterday.
30. They have spoke to him.

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IX. ANSWER KEY

A. V2

1. went
2. ate
3. took
4. saw
5. bought
6. wrote
7. gave
8. came
9. spoke
10. drove

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B. V3

11. broken
12. chosen
13. fallen
14. forgotten
15. drunk
16. stolen
17. grown
18. taken
19. ridden
20. written

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C. Corrections

21. I have eaten lunch.
22. She has gone home.
23. He bought a car.
24. They have done the work.
25. We saw the movie.
26. Did you go there?
27. She has taken notes.
28. I have written an email.
29. He ran fast yesterday.
30. They have spoken to him.

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X. KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Irregular verbs must be memorized
• V2 is for Simple Past
• V3 is used with have / has / had
• Never use V2 after did
• Frequent practice = fluency

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